{"id":7845,"date":"2024-12-14T10:23:10","date_gmt":"2024-12-14T06:23:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/?page_id=7845"},"modified":"2025-01-09T14:45:06","modified_gmt":"2025-01-09T10:45:06","slug":"orion-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/index.php\/orion-2\/","title":{"rendered":"ORION-2: space orbital observatory on the SOYUZ-13 spaceship"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">(December 18-26, 1973)<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Scientific supervisor \u2013 G. Gurzadyan<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_8759\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8759\" style=\"width: 345px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-01-0m.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-8759\" src=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-01-0m.jpg\" alt=\"Ship commander Peter Klimuk and flight engineer Valentin Lebedev\" width=\"345\" height=\"258\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-01-0m.jpg 406w, https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-01-0m-300x224.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 345px) 100vw, 345px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-8759\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Ship commander Peter Klimuk and flight engineer Valentin Lebedev<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">On December 18, 1973, the ORION-2 astrophysical observatory was launched into low-Earth orbit in the USSR. It was installed on the manned transport spacecraft SOYUZ-13, specially modified for this purpose.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Soyuz-13 &#8211; the first Soviet specialized manned spacecraft intended only for astrophysical research.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">The main goal of the experiment is to obtain photographic ultraviolet spectrograms of areas of the starry sky in the wavelength range 2000 &#8211; 3000 \u00c5.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">The observatory included:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">UV telescope<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Sighting device<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Electronics unit<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Control panel<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-02-0m.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8762\" src=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-02-0m.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"937\" height=\"467\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-02-0m.jpg 937w, https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-02-0m-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-02-0m-768x383.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 937px) 100vw, 937px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-03-0m.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8768\" src=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-03-0m.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"937\" height=\"693\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-03-0m.jpg 937w, https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-03-0m-300x222.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-03-0m-768x568.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 937px) 100vw, 937px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-04-0m.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8769\" src=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-04-0m.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"937\" height=\"665\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-04-0m.jpg 937w, https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-04-0m-300x213.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-04-0m-768x545.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 937px) 100vw, 937px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Spectrograms were recorded on special ultraviolet photographic film KODAK 103UV (frame diameter 90 mm). The cassette capacity was 20 m or 130 frames.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">In addition to the telescope, the unit also included two stellar spectrographs installed coaxially with the telescope (devices G27 and G27A). A solar platform was located at the rear of the block. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">The G35 instrument for solar research and a solar guidance sensor were installed on it. The telescope unit also contained two sets of star guidance sensors (main and backup). Each set consisted of two types of sensors:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">two-coordinate, mounted coaxially with the telescope<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">single-axis, the optical axis of which is located at an angle of 65\u00b0 to the optical axis of the telescope.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">The telescope was installed in a three-axis gimbal suspension (BT block), under a special protective dome.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"> The observatory was equipped with a three-axis guidance system based on two reference stars. The first of them (brighter than 3.<\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">5th magnitude) had to be in the center of the studied area of \u200b\u200bthe sky, and the second (brighter than 3rd magnitude) &#8211; at an angle of approximately 65 degrees to it.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">The guidance accuracy along the transverse axes of the telescope was better than \u00b15 arc. sec., and relative to the optical axis &#8211; better than \u00b110 arc. sec.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr style=\"height: 2px; border-width: 0; color: gray; background: gray;\" \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\">Operation diagram of the Orion-2 observatory<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-05-1m.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-8774\" src=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-05-1m.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"370\" height=\"371\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-05-1m.jpg 467w, https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-05-1m-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-05-1m-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-05-1m-230x230.jpg 230w, https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-05-1m-365x365.jpg 365w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\" \/><\/a>Star session (in the shadow part of the orbit):<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Point the telescope at the first reference star A (in the center of the area under study).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Capturing star A with a biaxial sensor and tracking this star along the two transverse axes of the telescope with an accuracy of \u00b15\u201d.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">In star tracking mode A, the telescope is forced to rotate around the optical axis until the second reference star B enters the field of view of the single-axis sensor<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Capturing star B and tracking it relative to the optical axis of the telescope with an accuracy of \u00b110\u201d.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Execution of the exposure program.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Turning off the observatory at the end of the exposure program (before leaving the shadow).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><strong>Solar session (on the solar part of the orbit):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Upon command from the control panel, the solar sensor is turned on and automatic capture is carried out <\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Sun and tracking with an accuracy of \u00b1 10\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Execution of the exposure program.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Turning off the observatory before entering the shadow area.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr style=\"height: 2px; border-width: 0; color: gray; background: gray;\" \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-06-0m.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8776\" src=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-06-0m.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"937\" height=\"693\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-06-0m.jpg 937w, https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-06-0m-300x222.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-06-0m-768x568.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 937px) 100vw, 937px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<hr style=\"height: 2px; border-width: 0; color: gray; background: gray;\" \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-07-0m.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8777\" src=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-07-0m.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"937\" height=\"693\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-07-0m.jpg 937w, https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-07-0m-300x222.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-07-0m-768x568.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 937px) 100vw, 937px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<hr style=\"height: 2px; border-width: 0; color: gray; background: gray;\" \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The main scientific results of Orion-2 were the following: <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">For the first time, ULTRAVIOLET spectrograms of faint stars up to magnitude 13 were obtained.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">An energy decrease was discovered in the continuous spectra of hot stars within the 2000-3000 A band.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">ULTRAVIOLET observations of stars indicate the existence of circumstellar clouds of hot stars.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">An energy distribution of up to 2300 A for F, G, K type stars was established.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Type A2 stars with an anomalous abundance of Mg were discovered.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The first ULTRAVIOLET spectrogram of the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Planetary_nebulae\">planetary nebulae<\/a>,<\/span> IC 2149, was obtained. It showed<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">existence of certain prohibited and permitted emission lines;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">two new chemical elements, aluminum and titanium were discovered in the planetary nebula<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">lines 2669 Al II, 2800 Mg II were detected in the planetary nebula; 2852) which are important for the physics of these objects. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The existence of <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Two-photon_emission\">two- photon emission<\/a><\/span> of hydrogen in a planetary nebula.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">A rich silicon star has been discovered.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Chromospheres of stars G, K up to M3 were discovered. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">It was shown that the 2800 Mg II spectral lines were the strongest lines for intermediate class stars.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">More than 300 spectrograms of Orion-2 made it possible to obtain empirical dependence of the equivalent width of 2800 mg II lines on spectral class. This relationship can have various applications in physics of stellar atmospheres<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">A star classification method was proposed, based on UV spectrogram data<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">A star-shaped object of unidentified nature with an ULTRAVIOLET excess was discovered.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">A group of hot, low-brightness stars was discovered near Capella, which later attracted the attention of many observation groups.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">A star cluster with interesting properties has been discovered in <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Auriga_(constellation)\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Auriga<\/span>.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr style=\"height: 2px; border-width: 0; color: gray; background: gray;\" \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-08-0m.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8787\" src=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-08-0m.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"937\" height=\"693\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-08-0m.jpg 937w, https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-08-0m-300x222.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-08-0m-768x568.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 937px) 100vw, 937px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<hr style=\"height: 2px; border-width: 0; color: gray; background: gray;\" \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-09-0m.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8789\" src=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-09-0m.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"937\" height=\"698\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-09-0m.jpg 937w, https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-09-0m-300x223.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-09-0m-768x572.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 937px) 100vw, 937px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<hr style=\"height: 2px; border-width: 0; color: gray; background: gray;\" \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-10-0m.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8790\" src=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-10-0m.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"937\" height=\"693\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-10-0m.jpg 937w, https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-10-0m-300x222.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-10-0m-768x568.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 937px) 100vw, 937px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<hr style=\"height: 2px; border-width: 0; color: gray; background: gray;\" \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-11-0m.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8791\" src=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-11-0m.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"937\" height=\"693\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-11-0m.jpg 937w, https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-11-0m-300x222.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/or2-11-0m-768x568.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 937px) 100vw, 937px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<hr style=\"height: 2px; border-width: 0; color: gray; background: gray;\" \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 24pt;\"><strong>Publications: <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Gurzadyan, G.A., Ultraviolet spectra of Capella, Nature, vol. 250, p. 204, 1974.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Gurzadyan, G.A., On the Possibility of Spectral Classification of Stars by their Ultraviolet Spectrograms, Astron. &amp; Astrophys. vol. 35, p. 493, 1974.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Gurzadyan, G.A., A Group of Ultraviolet Stars in Auriga, The Observatory, vol. 94,p. 293, 1974.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Gurzadyan, G.A., An interesting ultraviolet star discovered by Orion-2, Astrophysics, vol. 10, p. 236, 1974.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Gurzadyan, G.A., Kashin A.L., Krmoyan M.N., Oganesyan Dzh.B., Ultraviolet spectrograms of stars obtained on Orion-2, Astrophysics, vol. 10, no 2, pp. 109-112, 1974.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Gurzadyan, G.A., Orion-2: First Scientific Results, Space Science Reviews, vol.18, p. 95-139, 1975.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Gurzadyan, G.A., Rustambekova, S.S., Silicon-rich stellar envelope?, Nature, vol. 254, p. 311, 1975;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Gurzadyan, G.A., Ultraviolet Chromospheric Lines in the Spectra of Late-Type Stars, Monthly Not. Royal Astron. Soc., vol. 172, p. 617, 1975.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Gurzadyan,\u00a0G.A., Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry of the Emission Star SAO 0400183, Astron. &amp; Astrophys., vol. 39, p. 213, 1975.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Gurzadyan, G.A., The Ultraviolet Spectrum of Planetary Nebula IC 2149, Monthly Not. Royal Astron. Soc., vol. 172, p. 249, 1975.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Gurzadyan, G.A., Ultraviolet Continuous spectra of gamma Cassiopeia, Astron. &amp; Astrophys., vol. 40, p. 447-450, 1975.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Gurzadyan, G.A., Orion 2: first scientific results, Vestnik Akad. Nauk SSSR, no. 1, p. 13 \u2013 24, 1975.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Gurzadyan, G.A., Two-photon emission in planetary nebula IC 2149, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Publications, vol. 88, p. 891, 1976.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Gurzadyan, G.A., Jarakyan, A.L., Krmoyan, M.N., Kashin, A.L., Loretsyan, G.M., Ohanesyan, J.B., Space astrophysical observatory Orion-2, Astrophysics and Space Science, vol. 40, p. 393, 1976.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Gurzadyan, G.A., A high-power orbital telescope: What a telescope with a three-meter mirror carried into space can give to science, Vestnik Akad. Nauk SSSR, no.12, p. 80-90, 1977.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Zaharyan, A.Z., Gasparyan, O.N., Stabilisation system of a orbital telescope of astrophysi\u00accal observatory ORION-2, The collection of theses of reports of a seminar &#8216;The control systems, watching drives and their elements &#8216;, Moskow, 1977.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Gurzadyan, G.A., Ultraviolet observations of planetary nebulae, Planetary nebulae. Observations and theory, Proc. IAU Symp.76, Ed.Y.Terzian, p.79, Dordrecht, D.Reidel Publ., 1978.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Gurzadyan, G.A., Ultraviolet Spectra of Planetary Nebulae, Vistas in Astronomy, vol. 23, p. 45, 1979.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Ambartsumian, V.A. (ed), Gurzadyan, G.A.; Raushenbach, B.V.; Feoktistov, K.P.; Klimuk, P.I.; Lebedev, V.V.; Maksimenko, A.P.; Gorshkov, K.A.; Savchenko, S.A.; Baryshnikov, G.K.; Pachomov, A.I.; Antonov, V.V.; Kashin, A.L.; Loretsian, G.M.; Gasparyan, O.N.; Chabrov, G.I.; Ohanesian, J.B.; Tsybin, S.P.; Rustambekova, S.S.; Epremian, R.A. Observatory in space &#8220;SOYUZ-13\u201d-\u201cORION-2\u201d . \u201cMashinostroenie\u201d Publ., Moscow, 1984 (monograph, in Russian).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Gurzadyan, G.A., Ohanesyan, J.B., Rustambekova, S.S.,\u00a0Epremian, R.A., Catalogue of 900 Faint Star Ultraviolet Spectra, Publ. Armenian Acad. Sci., Yerevan, 1985. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Oberg J., Notes on Soviet space astronomy, Sky &amp; Telescope, vol. 53, 92, 1977.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Abt, H.A., Spectral types in Gurzadyan&#8217;s clustering in Auriga, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Publications, vol. 90, p. 555, 1978.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Furniss, T., Manned Spaceflight Log, Jane&#8217;s, London, 1986.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"padding-top: 10px; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Davies, J. K., Astronomy from Space, PRAXIS Publishing, Chichester, 2002.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; (December 18-26, 1973) Scientific supervisor \u2013 G. Gurzadyan &nbsp; On December 18, 1973, the ORION-2 astrophysical observatory was launched into low-Earth orbit in the USSR. It was installed on the manned transport spacecraft SOYUZ-13, specially modified for this purpose.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"no","_lmt_disable":"no","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7845","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7845","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7845"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7845\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmo.yerphi.am\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7845"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}